Cell Theory Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Cell Theory - Assignment Example The paper depicts all the eccentricities of the cell hypothesis. A cell organelle is the piece of a cell that has a particular capacity. Organelles are normally situated inside the cytoplasm of a living cell, and are ordinarily encased in a layer called plasma film. They are classified organelles in light of the fact that their significance to a cell is similar to the significance of organs of to a body. The two prokaryotes and eukaryotes have cell organelles; in any case, there are some significant contrasts between the two. The organelles in prokaryotic cells are not sorted out or encased in plasma films. Significant cell organelles incorporate chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi mechanical assembly, mitochondria, core and vacuoles. Chloroplasts have twofold layers just as their own DNA, and perform photosynthesis. They are available in plants and some green growth. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has a solitary layer and is answerable for transport just as combination of protein s. It is of two sorts †harsh ER, whose surface has all the earmarks of being unpleasant in view of the nearness of ribosomes, and smooth ER, whose surface seems, by all accounts, to be smooth. Golgi mechanical assembly is additionally scorch membraned and is answerable for protein arranging and modification.... The two prokaryotes and eukaryotes have cell organelles; be that as it may, there are some significant contrasts between the two. The organelles in prokaryotic cells are not composed or encased in plasma films. Significant cell organelles incorporate chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi device, mitochondria, core and vacuoles. Chloroplasts have twofold films just as their own DNA, and perform photosynthesis. They are available in plants and some green growth. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has a solitary layer and is answerable for transport just as union of proteins. It is of two sorts †unpleasant ER, whose surface seems, by all accounts, to be harsh in view of the nearness of ribosomes, and smooth ER, whose surface gives off an impression of being smooth. Golgi contraption is additionally burn membraned and is answerable for protein arranging and change. The mitochondrion is additionally called as the powerhouse of the phone since it is answerable for vitality creation, and like chloroplasts, it likewise has a twofold film and its own DNA. The core has both Deoxyribonucleic corrosive (DNA) and Ribonucleic corrosive (RNA) and is answerable for upkeep and legitimate dispersion of DNA during cell division. Vacuoles work as capacity supplies of the cell. Minor organelles of the cell incorporate autophagosomes that gather material from the cytoplasm for corruption, centrioles that empower cell division, ribosomes that help in the creation of proteins, lysosomes that are answerable for preparing or breakdown of huge particles into easier ones, nucleolus that produces ribosomes, and vesicles that work as material transporters in the phone. Numerous different organelles exist dependent on the sort of living being.

An Overview of Gentrification

An Overview of Gentrification Improvement is characterized as the procedure by which wealthier (for the most part center pay) individuals move into, revamp, and reestablish lodging and now and then organizations in downtowns or other weakened zones previously home to less fortunate individuals. In that capacity, improvement influences a territories socioeconomics in light of the fact that this expansion in center salary people and families regularly brings about a general decrease in racial minorities. Also, family size reductions since low-salary families are supplanted by youthful single individuals and couples wanting to be nearer to their occupations and exercises in the urban center. The land advertise additionally changes when improvement happens on the grounds that increments in rents and home costs increment removals. When this happens rental units are regularly changed to apartment suites or extravagance lodging accessible for procurement. As land changes, land use is likewise modified. Before improvement these territories for the most part comprise of low-pay lodging and now and then light industry. After, there is as yet lodging however it is generally top of the line, alongside workplaces, retail, eateries, and different types of amusement. At long last, on account of these changes, improvement altogether influences an area’s culture and character, making improvement a dubious procedure. History and Causes of Gentrification Since Glass thought of the term, there have been various endeavors to clarify why improvement happens. The absolute most punctual endeavors to clarify it are through the creation and utilization side speculations. Creation side hypothesis is related with a geographer, Neil Smith, who clarifies improvement dependent on the connection among cash and creation. Smith said that low leases in rural zones after World War II prompted a development of capital into those regions rather than downtowns. Accordingly, urban zones were relinquished and land an incentive there diminished while land an incentive in suburbia expanded. Smith at that point concocted his lease hole hypothesis and utilized it to clarify the procedure of improvement. The lease hole hypothesis itself depicts the imbalance between the cost of land at its present use and the potential value a real estate parcel could accomplish under a â€Å"higher and better use.† Using his hypothesis, Smith contended that when the lease hole was huge enough, designers would see the potential benefit in redeveloping downtown zones. The benefit accomplished by redevelopment in these zones shuts the lease hole, prompting higher leases, rents, and home loans. Along these lines, the expansion in benefits related with Smith’s hypothesis prompts improvement. The utilization side hypothesis, claimed by geographer David Ley, takes a gander at the qualities of individuals performing improvement and what they expend instead of the market to clarify improvement. It is said that these individuals perform propelled administrations (for instance they are specialists or potentially legal counselors), appreciate expressions and recreation, and request civilities and are worried about style in their urban areas. Improvement permits such changes to happen and takes into account this populace. The Process of Gentrification After some time, these urban pioneers help to redevelop and â€Å"fix-up† run down regions. Subsequent to doing as such, costs go up and the lower salary individuals present there are evaluated out and supplanted with center and upper-pay individuals. These individuals at that point request more noteworthy courtesies and lodging stock and organizations change to take into account them, again raising costs. These rising costs at that point power out the rest of the number of inhabitants in lower pay individuals and progressively center and upper-salary individuals are pulled in, propagating the pattern of improvement. Expenses and Benefits of Gentrification The biggest analysis of improvement however is its removal of the redeveloped area’s unique occupants. Since improved territories are regularly in the run-down urban center, lower-pay occupants are in the end valued out and are once in a while left with no spot to go. Furthermore, retail chains, administrations, and informal communities are additionally evaluated out and supplanted with better quality retail and administrations. It is this part of improvement that causes the most pressure among occupants and designers. In spite of these reactions however, there are a few advantages to improvement. Since it frequently prompts individuals possessing their homes as opposed to leasing, it can here and there lead to greater soundness for the neighborhood. It additionally makes an expanded interest for lodging so there is less empty property. At last, supporters of improvement state that in light of the expanded nearness of occupants in the midtown, organizations there advantage on the grounds that there are more individuals spending in the zone. Regardless of whether it is seen as positive or negative, in any case, there is no uncertainty that improved territories are turning out to be significant pieces of the texture of urban communities around the world.

Development of Presentation Skills

Development of Presentation Skills 10 Effective Ways to Improve Your Presentation Skills Home›Education Posts›10 Effective Ways to Improve Your Presentation Skills Education PostsHow to Develop Better Presentation SkillsIn our fast and developing world, it is essential to have effective presentation skills, no matter in which sphere you are engaged. For example, students develop their presentation skills attempting to get higher grades and succeed in academic career. In addition, entrepreneurs improve the art of speaking aiming to attract new customers to their businesses, etc. If you also understand the benefits of working on yourself, check these tips on presentation skills.Defining PresentationPresentation is a special means of communication that can vary according to a certain speaking situation, for example, addressing a meeting, talking to a group, briefing a team, etcPreparing a SpeechThe success of any oral presentation depends on the preparation of a speaker. Thus, it is necessary to devote time for gett ing ready and to avoid possible short-cuts.Organizing the MaterialWell-structured and clear delivery is the primary goal of the successful presentation. So, if a speaker wants to have a lively conversation with the audience, it is necessary to organize the material in a logical and clear way.Writing the SpeechThis step is crucial for visualizing the presentation in a speaker’s mind. In addition, reading through the presentation before the due time will help the speaker to feel more confident.Choosing Presentation MethodDepending on the type of presentation (formal or informal), a speaker should choose the appropriate presentation method, venue and facilities that will be suitable for him/her and the audienceUsing Speaker NotesIf a speaker is not one of those who may deliver a presentation without notes, it is necessary to prepare notes on the cards, print full text or a mind map to use during the speech.Managing Visual AidsIf a speaker plans to use visual aids during the speech, h e or she needs to be prepared in advance to operate effectively and promptly. Visual aids help the speaker to increase comprehension and interest of the audience to the presentation.Presenting FactsEffective data and solid facts used in a presentation will ensure speaker’s authority. However, it is necessary to be careful when using statistics not to make professional and effective presentation.Managing the EventA speaker should figure out the technical details of delivering a speech before the event starts. This includes managing audio-visual equipment, sound systems, lecterns, etc.Answering QuestionsThe appropriate time for handling questions (during or after speech) should be indicated at the beginning of the presentation.It is easy to develop your presentation skills using the guidelines provided in the article. Start working on your self-improvement today and gain new speaking abilities by the time you need to prepare your next presentation.

With the increasing costs, both financial and ecological,...

With the increasing costs, both financial and ecological, of fossil fuels, fuel efficiency in vehicles has become an increasingly important factor. Vehicle manufacturers and designers are exploring alternative fuels, with electric, hybrid and hydrogen-powered vehicles being looked at as viable alternatives. Solar power has been somewhat overlooked but has the ability to become widely used because it is both clean and economical. The advantages over fossil fuels are obvious: Solar power is renewable, cannot be exhausted and doesn’t cause pollution. Fossil fuels are becoming increasingly scarce and expensive. Solar seems like a logical alternative. As such, it is being considered by private companies and government think tanks as a partial†¦show more content†¦Battery packs are still heavy, bulky and expensive but the costs of solar power are coming down while the cost of gasoline keeps going up. A number of different vehicles from sports cars to vans to golf carts have had solar panels added to flat surfaces, primarily their roofs. Some of the vehicles are ordinary cars which have been modified for solar; others are highly futuristic. The picture below is a good example of a futuristic design. The vehicle, called â€Å"car on a stick† was designed to be used as a streetlight when not being driven, which accounts for the one sitting at a higher elevation in the picture, as opposed to the one on the ground. It would also save on parking. Of course, this design is only an idea at this point, but it gives some interesting possibilities for vehicles (and cities) of the future. Source: http://www.designboom.com/contemporary/solarpoweredvehicles.html Albuainain Page 2 of 5 So far, the size, weight and efficiency of PV panels, and the need for a storage battery, which is large and heavy, has limited the range of most such vehicles to 30-50 miles between charges (designboom). In order for PVCs to become more practical, engineers will have to increase their efficiency. Current cells have an average efficiency of about 20% (Perch 2013). Ideally, the efficiency would need to be at least 30% to be sufficient to provide enough energy to keep the car running for a reasonableShow MoreRelatedEnergy Efficiency And Renewable Energy1975 Words   |  8 Pageswhile also distributing it more effectively. The most rational way to create and produce energy is to generate it renewably by utilizing naturally reoccurring resources. Perhaps, that is why energy efficiency and renewable energy are gaining more and more attention from the largest names in the financial, energy, and industrial communities. Government, manufacturers, and the consumer are all involved in the renovation of the energy system towards one that is cleaner and more proficient. According toRead MoreSustainability in Mauritius7180 Words   |  29 Pagesbenefit local residents to the extent that it could† The current pace of development in the island not only severely challenges the integrity of our environmental, physical, ecological, social, cultural, and economic resources, but it also projects a negative image of Mauritius in the international market, impacting on both the demand and the supply side of the industry. * Ensure sustainable consumption and production: sustainable consumption and production can be defined as â€Å"the production andRead More Solutions to preventing the spread of global warming and its affects1632 Words   |  7 Pagestechnologies include things such as: factories, power plants, automobiles, etc†¦ this has made the human population very dependent and accustomed to all of these technological advances. The use of technology requires the energy of fossil fuels to keep it running. By using fossil fuel energy we are releasing harmful green-house gases into our atmosphere, we are slowly bringing forth climate changes and environmental issues to our society. To respond to these global warming issues, we must promote awarenessRead MoreNutrient Pollution : Causes, Impacts And Solutions1889 Words   |  8 Pagesairborne sources enter the water in high concentrations. This process results in water that is too rich in nutrients. This in turn causes a chain of events t hat can cause widespread ecological damage to both aquatic ecosystems. In order to reduce nutrient pollution to sustainable levels and prevent a manmade ecological disaster, mankind must stem the flow of nutrients into our waterways by regulating the sources that contribute to it. To address the problem of eutrophication, the causes must firstRead MoreGlobal Economic And Environmental Sustainability1989 Words   |  8 PagesSince 1940, the world population has nearly tripled. With this nearly exponential growth in population came a major growth in economic and financial activity that is increasingly more global and complex (Ayres et al., 2013). To compensate for this growth in population and economic and financial activity, the use of natural resources has risen at a similar rate. Although continuous economic growth is the primary goal of an economy, the finite amount of resources constrained by the capabilities ofRead MoreThe Report On Climate Change Dictates5048 Words   |  21 Pagescarbon-constrained world with a carbon budget beyond which the irreversible catastrophic impacts of global warming may not be avoidable. To have a 50% chance of staying below 20C of global warming, 62% of fossil fuels proven reserves, and 88% of coal reserves must stay in the ground. Huge new fossil fuel developments, like the Galilee Basin in Australia, the tar sands in Canada and new resources in the Arctic, cannot be developed. Oil majors are caught in a dilemma; the challenge of choosing betweenRead MoreA Research Study On Global Warming5887 Words   |  24 Pageschoice but to divest their assets in the carbon-intensive oil industry and shift their interest to low-carbon energy portfolios, their corporate strategies will have to either gamble on maximizing short-term profits in oil production while facing increasing climate change risks, or adapt their strategies in response to such risks and gain the advantage of a head start in low-carbon economy. This study examines an array of drivers in an attempt to model oil majors’ behaviour in addressing climate changeRead MoreClimate Change Is The Tip Of The Iceberg1497 Words   |  6 Pagesdriver for storm activity. As warm air collects precipitation forms, moist air is lighter than dry air; moist and dry air combined increase storm severity. Due to climate change, the air now collects more moisture than previously collected due to increasing temperatures. Australian Bureau Statistics (ABS) records steady atmospheric warming since 1950 at an average temperature increase of 0.9 °C, resulting in significant climate variations (2011). Increases provide additional heat and moisture, allowingRead MoreRenewable Energy : Solar Energy2471 Words   |  10 Pagesvigorously. The capture of the sun’s energy is underway but supplies only a small fraction of our current energy requirements. Non-renewable sources of energy have been the primary source of energy production throughout the industrialized world. Fossil fuel technology drives most of our economy. We power our cities, industries, and cars with petroleum based products such as gas and heating oil. In some areas there is still reliance from coal to generate power and heat. One downside if we keep usingRead MoreComponents Of Area Of Concentration And Learning Objecti ves Essay1991 Words   |  8 Pagesthe level of knowledge and the reasons why you wish to master such objectives) and list relevant various strategies (courses or other learning activities). The energy sector of Ghana is besieged with challenges ranging from the technical to the financial. These challenges have coalesced over time resulting in the current energy crisis and energy insecurity that plagues the country. This situation persist in many other African countries, despite the fact that Africa, and by extension Ghana has a

The New Israeli Nation between 1947-1967 Essay - 4173 Words

How was the new Israeli nation able to be born, to survive, and to prosper during the period of 1947-1967 despite being surrounded by hostile states? Introduction One of the biggest mysteries of the 20th century was the sudden creation of the Jewish state. It had been the dream of almost every Jew to have their own nation in which they would be free from persecution but its very creation appeared to be beyond human possibility. Almost 6 million Jews been viciously massacred under the â€Å"Final Solution† Plan of Nazi Germany and the remaining were dispossessed refugees. The small communities in Palestine faced fierce Arab resentment and British had disallowed any further immigration. Even when the state was finally declared in May 1948,†¦show more content†¦After the brutal anti Jewish pogroms in Russia in the 1880’s, Jews realized that remaining in Europe would no longer be an option. As a consequence, they decided to create their own nation-state. On of the first Zionist movements (Zionist; meaning advocates of returning to Palestine) was Hoveve Zion (Lovers of Zion). The movement originated in Russia in the 1880s. It established several Zionist towns in Palestine. Eventually, in 1893 the World Zionist Organization was founded by a correspondent of a Viennese newspaper, Theodor Herzl. He published a pamphlet; known as â€Å"The Jewish State† in which he argued that â€Å"since Jews were a nationality without land, they must attain land in order to construct a nation state.†(Mitchell, 2001) At the congress in Basel, Switzerland in 1897, the World Zionist Movement was established whose goal was to create a homeland for the Jewish people. Jews throughout the world donated 357 million in US dollars in its first year of existence. After unsuccessful attempts of negotiations with the Uganda and Argentine governments, they decided that the Jewish homeland would exist in Palestine. An old religious Jewish community known as the Old Yishuv had survived in Palestine throughout the rule of the Ottoman Empire and had virtually no conflict with their Arab neighbors (although there were laws which forbade Jews from building synagogues higher than mosques). In his book, A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, Mark Tessler, aShow MoreRelatedIsrael Is A Small Democracy At The Eastern End Of The Mediterranean1349 Words   |  6 Pagessecular (profess no religion). Most Israelis and many non-Israeli Jews, as well as other supporters of Israel worldwide, see Israel as a refuge for Jews made necessary by the Holocaust, the Nazi-engineered genocide of approximately six million European Jews from 1941 to 1945. Most scholars acknowledge the existence of an ethnically distinct population of Arabs living in Palestine, the territory between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River, that predates Israeli independence. Arabs living in PalestineRead MoreThe Arab Israeli War ( 1948-49 ) A Political Conflict?1719 Words   |  7 PagesLuke Horsley Preliminary Modern History Mr. Powell Historical Investigation â€Å"To what extent was the First Arab-Israeli War (1948-49) a political conflict?† WORD COUNT: 1388 In order to assess to what extent the First Arab-Israeli war was a political conflict, a working definition of ‘political conflict’ is needed. In this essay, the phrase ‘political conflict ’ refers to conflict motivated or influenced by a nation’s government or by the power, interests and securityRead MoreConflict In Israel, Israel And The Arab War925 Words   |  4 Pagesthemselves as Palestinian before arabs and the new jewish zionist movement called for a jewish state. From the end of the first world war to 1947 both groups claimed the land as their own. That was until the Holocaust. The atrocities committed in the second world war against the Jews caused international support for the creation of a jewish state. The populus opinion led to the 1947 UN proposal of a two state solution. This divided the land between the groups with an international zone around theRead MoreThe Conflict Between Arabs And Jews1788 Words   |  8 Pages 1967: War in the Middle East Jose Manuel Santoyo Midterm Research Assignment History 3390 Sabri Ates The 1967 war, also known as the six day war, was a continuation of the conflict between the Arabs and Jews. This war is significant because it helped reshape the political landscape of the region, and the reconfiguring of the Israeli borders due to the occupation by Israel after they defeated the Arab states in six days. The war also established Israel as a superpower in the middleRead MoreA Brief Note On The World Book Encyclopedia1151 Words   |  5 Pageshistoric land in which both Judaism and Christianity were originated. It is considered â€Å"The Holy Land† because it is a sacred place to the Muslims and many stories in the Christian Bible take place in Palestine. Palestine’s geographical location between Egypt and southwest Asia has caused it to be the center of many wars for thousands of years. Arab and Jewish inhabitants of Palestine fought for control of the territory and in 1949 Palestine was split apart into Israel, Jordan, and Egypt makingRead MoreThe C reation of Israel was the Turning Point2997 Words   |  12 Pagespartition plan in 1947, the state of Israel was created in 1948. I will be discussing the extent to which the creation of Israel was a turning point throughout a hundred year period. The conflict can be split up into 3 different strands which include: Arab Israeli, Palestinian-Israeli, Western involvement. The Arab-Israeli conflict is the regional conflict that erupts in 1948 when the newly created Arab states invade Israel and is partially resolved by 1996. The Palestinian-Israeli conflict is theRead MoreThe Israeli Palestinian Conflict : Israel Palestine Conflict Essay1516 Words   |  7 Pagesoccurred with the swift Israeli victory in the 6 day war of 1967, when Israel occupied the territories. Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories bar Gaza strip ( territorially miniscule) has morphed into a sort of colonialism as Israel has buil a number of settlements on the territories it found in control of after 1967, which practically amounts to an annexation of the land. Therefore, the current Israeli-Palestinian conflict is essentially a conflict over Israeli colonization, the onlyRead MoreThe Tumultuous Transformations Of The Arab World899 Words   |  4 Pagesroom resembled more of an auditorium packed with millennials, senior citizens and age groups in between, all with their full attention on the speaker. Throughout his talk, Khouri explained how the last century has been exceptionally problematic for the Arabians due to zero political development, the Arab Israeli conflict, and the Arabian revolution. Khouri’s main argument is that there is an entirely new situation at hand due to Turkey, Iran, Israel, and Saudi Arabia currently driving the actual developmentsRead MoreThe Middle East Conflict Essay1589 Words   |  7 PagesThe Middle East Conflict The country previously known as Palestine but now as Israel has sparked major military and political confrontations between Arabs and Israelis during the 20th century in the Middle East. The area, which both groups of people claim is rightly their homeland is smaller then Britain, surrounded on the West by the Mediterranean Sea and on the other sides by neighbouring Arab countries. The Israelis believe it is rightly their homeland becauseRead MoreArab Israeli Conflict 883 Words   |  4 Pages1.1 WHAT IS THE ARAB ISRAELI CONFLICT? The Arab-Israeli conflict is a hotly contested issue both in the Middle East and the broader global community.1 The modern conflict is essentially a dispute over the area known up until 1948 as Palestine, which is considered holy to all three major monotheistic religions.2 The primary parties in the conflict are Israeli (formerly Zionist) Jews and Palestinian Arabs (who are predominately Muslim).3 It is one of the unresolved problems bequeathed to the region

Powder Free Essays

Some say there is nothing stronger than a bond between a father and his son. The trying and heartwarming relationship between the father and his son is shown in the story â€Å"Powder† by Tibias Wolff. There are many differences and similarities between the father and his son, maybe a few more differences than similarities but that doesn’t stop them from spending time with each other. We will write a custom essay sample on Powder or any similar topic only for you Order Now To begin with, throughout the story the reader makes it clear the differences between the two characters. First off, the father has more of a rebellious, outgoing resonantly whereas the son likes to play more by the rules and stays more reserved. You see this not only in the second sentence where it talks about the father sneaking his son into the club but also when the father calls the state trooper to send him in the opposite direction so they could drive on the icy unfortified road to get his son home for Christmas dinner. You would think that all teenage boys would love a father who is willing to break the rules, but from the story it seems like this kind of actions from his father makes him more uncomfortable because it upsets his mom. Also the father was more of a risk taker where his son looked ahead and thought things out more. You can see this in the conversation In the car when the son talks about his success in school and always getting his home work while his dad Is taking a risk driving on the closed road. Even though there are major differences, the father and son do have some similarities. They both seem to care a lot about their families and their relationship together. Throughout the short story you see the wild and crazy actions of the father UT if you read deeper you see he Is only doing this to get his son home In time so his mother will continue to let him see his son. You can even tell the son cares about the relationship with his father because he’s doing things outside his comfort zone such as going on a ski trip and trusting his father to drive on the dangerous, winding road. You can even start to see them bonding In the last paragraph when the son starts to relax and actually for once enjoy the fun crazy adventure his dad Is taking him on Instead of being uptight and worrying. There’s many different ways to express your love to the closest people around you. Through the story â€Å"Powder† you see the father trying to show his love to his son by taking him on crazy adventures and showing him a good time. Through these you can see the many differences and saltcellars In the two, but through these differences and saltcellars you begin see them bond and develop a real father-son relationship. Powder By cylindering 123 more. You can see this in the conversation in the car when the son talks about his success in school and always getting his home work while his dad is taking a risk but if you read deeper you see he is only doing this to get his son home in time so his You can even start to see them bonding in the last paragraph when the son starts to relax and actually for once enjoy the fun crazy adventure his dad is taking him on instead of being uptight and worrying. See the many differences and similarities in the two, but through these differences and similarities you begin see them bond and develop a real father-son relationship. How to cite Powder, Papers

Accounting Assumption free essay sample

An economic entity can be any organization or unit in society. It may be a company, government unit, a municipality, a school district, or a church. The economic entity assumption requires that the activities of the entity be kept separate and distinct from the activities of its owner and all other economic entities (Weygandt, Kimmel, Kieso, Financial Accounting). The accounting profession has developed standards that are generally accepted and university practiced. This common set of standards are called generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), indicate how to report economic events. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is the agency of the United States government that oversees U. S. financial markets and accounting standard-setting bodies. There are four principles of accounting. They are the cost principle. Business are required to record and report assets based on the actual cost incurred to acquire them rather than the free market value of the acquired asset themselves. We will write a custom essay sample on Accounting Assumption or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The idea behind this principle is that this method of recording and reporting is reliable and lessens the opportunity for factors such as biased market values to interfere with the accounting. However, this method may be viewed as irrelevant as it relates to the actual value of assets. The second principle is the accrual principle. Businesses are required to record and report revenue at the time it is earned and realized by the business, not when the cash for the revenue is received by the business. This method is known as accrual basis accounting. The purpose of this principle is to actually show what work has been completed and not what is to be done in the future. The third principle is the matching principle. This principle allows for real time analysis of the expenses and revenues. Using this principle will show just how well the business has done financially and how effective it was. Somewhat like the accrual principle, expenses in this case can only be recorded and reported when revenue is to which such expenses are related was earned. The fourth principle is the Disclosure Principle. The accounting records of a business must be disclosed so that judgment about the financial status of a business can be easily made. However, the disclosure of accounting and financial information should not cause the business to accrue unreasonable expenses or cause erroneous opinions (ezinearticle. com). The constraints of accounting refer to the limitations to providing financial information that exist in the financial reporting environment. Financial reporting must follow the generally accepted accounting principles or GAAP. The constraints of accounting permit certain variations from the basic accounting principles in reporting a company’s financial information. Financial reporting is not cost free because companies must spend time and money to collect, process, analyze, and disseminate relevant information. In deciding what to include in a financial reporting, companies must weigh the costs of providing particular information against the benefits that can be derived from using this information. Therefore, companies may not require particular accounting measurements or disclosures if the cost of implementing them exceeds the benefits accrued to users of the information. The GAAP does depend on principles, assumptions and constraints for sound financial reporting. The GAAP uses these accounting principles because such standards were needed to be established for the purpose of holding organizations responsible for truthful and relevant documentation and records.

Baseball Story Essays - Baseball Rules, New York Yankees Players

Baseball Story Baseball has been providing us with fun and excitement for more than a hundred and fifty years. The first game resembling baseball as we know it today was played in Hoboken ,New Jersey, on June 19, 1846. The New York Nine beat the New York Knickerbokers that day, 23-1. The game was played according to rules drawn up by Alexander J. Cartwright. A surveyer and amateur athlete. It is a myth that Abner Doubleday1 invented baseball. It was Alexander Cartwright, not Abner Doubleday, who first laid out the present dimensions of the playing field and established the basic rules of the game. The first Professional baseball team was the Cincinnati Red Stockings, who toured the country in 1869 and didn't lose a game all year. Baseball began to attract so many fans that in 1876 the National league was organized-the same National league that still exists today. Although the game was played in 1876 it was recognizable as baseball-nobody would confuse it with football or basketball-it was quite a bit different from baseball as we know it now. For example, pitchers had to throw underhand, the way they still do in softball;the batter could request the pitcher to throw a "high" or "low" pitch; it took nine balls, rather than four, for a batter to get a base on balls; and the pitching distance was olny 45 feet to home plate. The rules were gradually changed over the following 20 years, until by about 1900 the game was more or less the same as it is today. In 1884, the pitchers were permitted to throw overhand; in 1887, the batter was no longer allowed to request a "high"or "low" pitch; by 1889,it took only four balls to get a batter to a base on balls; the pitching distance was legthened to sixty- feet, six inches. And since that day in 1846 There have been many greats to make up the game baseball such as Ty Cobb who was born in a small town in Georgia in 1886. He threw right-handed but batted left-handed . He held his hands a few inches apart on the bat and learned to bunt or slap line-drive hits precisely where he wanted them. He made place hitting an art. In the summer of 1905, Cobb joined a major league baseball taem, the Detroit Tigers .On August 9, Ty Cobb registered his first base hit as a member of the Tigers. In the many years to follow he added over four thousand more hits. Along with them would come a national rep- utation. Another player who some have said "changed the game", is John Roosevelt("Jackie") Robinson2.On April 15, 1947 at two o'clock that tuesday afternoon when nine Brooklyn Dodgers sprang out thier dugout to take the feild to start the 1947 baseball season. It was a memorable event in basebaall history, indeed in American history. Undoubtedly Robinson was a great ballplayer. He was National league's Rookie of the year in 1947 and its Most valuable player (MVP) in 1949. He won the election in 1962 to the Bseball Hall of Fame, the first African- American ever chosen for that honor. And perhaps the greatest ballplayer of all time was Goerge Herman (Babe Ruth). During the 1920, Ruth's first season as a New York Yankee, he hit .376, not enough to win the American league batting championship but a figure far beyond what today is registered by major leagues leaders. He also hit safely in 26 consecutive games, clubbed 9 triples and 36 doubles, and batted in 137 runs. Despite his weight of over 215, he stole 14 bases. Most remarkably, however, Ruth slugged 54 home runs for the season. Closest to him in the American League was Goerge Sisler, with 19 homers, while the National League leader recorded a total of only 15. Almost every team in both leagues registered a total number far below the 54 of Babe Ruth alone. There have been many more talented and great ball- players in the game such as Ted Williams,Leo Durocher, Hank Aaron,Mickey Mantle,Roger Maris,Willie Mays,Joe DiMaggio and all these ballplayers have done their part to shape and mold the game of Baseball. And today, we now have a new generation of ball- players like Mark McGwire who in the 1998 season hit an unpresedented 76 home runs and was closely followed by Sammie Sosa with 70 homers which in the 1920 and 30's was un-thought of un-imagnable, to even hit 15 home runs now playes can hit 15 home runs by

Begash (Kazakhstan)

Begash (Kazakhstan) Begash is a Eurasian pastoralist campsite, located in Semirchye in the piedmont zone of the Dzhungar Mountains of southeastern Kazakhstan, which was occupied episodically between ~2500 BC to AD 1900. The site is located at about 950 meters (3110 feet) above sea level, in a flat ravine terrace enclosed by canyon walls and along a spring-fed stream. Archaeological evidence at the site contains information about some of the earliest pastoralist Steppe Society communities; the important archaeobotanical evidence suggests Begash may have been on the route which moved domestic plants from the point of domestication into the broader world. Timeline and Chronology Archaeological investigations have identified six major phases of occupations. Phase 6 (cal AD 1680-1900), HistoricPhase 5 (cal AD 1260-1410), MedievalPhase 4 (cal AD 70-550), Late Iron AgePhase 3 (970 cal BC-30 cal AD), Early Iron AgePhase 2 (1625-1000 cal BC), Middle-Late Bronze AgePhase 1 (2450-1700 cal BC), Early-Middle Bronze Age A stone foundation for a single house is the earliest structure, built at Begash during Phase Ia. A cist burial, characteristic of other late Bronze Age and Iron Age kurgan burials, contained a cremation: near it was a ritual fire pit. Artifacts associated with Phase 1 include pottery with textile impressions; stone tools including grinders and micro-blades. Phase 2 saw an increase in the number of houses, as well and hearths and pit features; this last was evidence of roughly 600 years of periodic occupation, rather than a permanent settlement. Phase 3 represents the early Iron Age, and contains the pit burial of a young adult woman. Beginning about 390 cal BC, the first substantial residence at the site was built, consisting of two quadrilateral houses with central stone-lined fire-pits and hard-packed floors. The houses were multi-roomed, with stone lined postholes for central roof support. Trash pits and fire-pits are found between the houses. During Phase 4, occupation at Begash is again intermittent, a number of hearths and trash pits have been identified, but not much else. The final phases of occupation, 5 and 6, have substantial large rectangular foundations and corrals still detectable on the modern surface. Plants from Begash Within soils samples taken from the Phase 1a burial cist and associated funerary fire pit were discovered seeds of domesticated wheat, broomcorn millet and barley. This evidence is interpreted by the excavators, an assertion supported by many other scholars, as indication of a distinct route of transmission of wheat and millet from the central Asian mountains and into the steppes by the late 3rd millennium BC (Frachetti et al. 2010). The wheat consisted of 13 whole seeds of domesticated compact free-threshing wheat, either Triticum aestivum or T. turgidum. Frachetti et al. report that the wheat compares favorably to that from the Indus Valley region in Mehrgarh and other Harappan sites, ca. 2500-2000 cal BC and from Sarazm in western Tajikistan, ca. 2600-2000 BC. A total of 61 carbonized broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) seeds were recovered from various Phase 1a contexts, one of which was direct-dated to 2460-2190 cal BC. One barley grain and 26 cerealia (grains unidentified to species), were also recovered from the same contexts. Other seeds found within the soil samples are wild Chenopodium album, Hyoscyamus spp. (also known as nightshade), Galium spp. (bedstraw) and Stipa spp. (feathergrass or spear grass). See Frachetti et al. 2010 and Spengler et al. 2014 for additional details. Domesticated wheat, broomcorn millet and barley found in this context is surprising, given that the people who occupied Begash were clearly nomadic pastoralists, not farmers. The seeds were found in a ritual context, and Frachetti and colleagues suggest that the botanical evidence represents both a ritual exploitation of exotic foods, and an early trajectory for the diffusion of domestic crops from their points of origin into the broader world. Animal Bones The faunal evidence (nearly 22,000 bones and bone fragments) at Begash contradicts the traditional notion that the emergence of Eurasian pastoralism was sparked by horse riding. Sheep/goat are the most prevalent species within the assemblages, as much as 75% of identified minimum number of individuals (MNI) in the earliest phases to just under 50% in Phase 6. Although distinguishing sheep from goats is notoriously difficult, sheep are much more frequently identified in the Begash assemblage than goats. Cattle are the next most frequently found, making up between 18-32% of the faunal assemblages throughout the occupations; with horse remains not present at all until ca 1950 BC, and then in slowly increasing percentages to around 12% by the medieval period. Other domestic animals include dog and Bactrian camel, and wild species are dominated by red deer (Cervus elaphus) and, in the later period, goitered gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa). Key species at the earliest Middle and Bronze age levels at Begash indicates that sheep/goats and cattle were the predominant species. Unlike other steppe communities, it seems apparent that the earliest phases at Begash were not based on horse riding, but rather began with Eurasian pastoralists. See Frachetti and Benecke for details. Outram et al. (2012), however, have argued that the results from Begash should not be considered necessarily typical of all steppe societies. Their 2012 article compared proportions of cattle, sheep and horses from six other Bronze Age sites in Kazakhstan, to show that dependence on horses seems to varied widely from site to site. Textiles and Pottery Textile-impressed pottery from Begash dated to the Early/Middle and Late Bronze ages reported in 2012 (Doumani and Frachetti) provide evidence for a wide variety of woven textiles in the southeastern steppe zone, beginning in the early Bronze Age. Such a wide variety of woven patterns, including a weft-faced cloth, implies interaction between pastoral and hunter-gatherer societies from the northern steppe with pastoralists to the southeast. Such interaction is likely, say Doumani and Frachetti, to be associated with trade networks postulated to have been established no later than the 3rd millinennium BC. These trade networks are believed to have spread animal and plant domestication out of the along the Inner Asian Mountain Corridor. Archaeology Begash was excavated during the first decade of the 21st century, by the joint Kazakh-American Dzhungar Mountains Archaeology Project (DMAP) under the direction of Alexei N. Maryashev and Michael Frachetti. Sources This article is a part of the About.com guide to the Steppe Societies, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Sources for this article are listed on page two. Sources This article is a part of the About.com guide to the Steppe Societies, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Betts A, Jia PW, and Dodson J. 2013 The origins of wheat in China and potential pathways for its introduction: A review. Quaternary International in press. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2013.07.044 d’Alpoim Guedes J, Lu H, Li Y, Spengler R, Wu X, and Aldenderfer M. 2013. Moving agriculture onto the Tibetan plateau: the archaeobotanical evidence. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences:1-15. doi: 10.1007/s12520-013-0153-4 Doumani PN, and Frachetti MD. 2012. Bronze Age textile evidence in ceramic impressions: weaving and pottery technology among mobile pastoralists of central Eurasia. Antiquity 86(332):368-382. Frachetti MD, and Benecke N. 2009. From sheep to (some) horses: 4500 years of herd structure at the pastoralist settlement of Begash (south-eastern Kazakhstan). Antiquity 83(322):1023-1027. Frachetti MD, and Maryashev AN. 2007. Long-Term Occupation and Seasonal Settlement of Eastern Eurasian Pastoralists at Begash, Kazakhstan. Journal of Field Archaeology 32(3):221-242. doi: 10.1179/009346907791071520 Frachetti MD, Spengler RN, Fritz GJ, and Maryashev AN. 2010. Earliest direct evidence for broomcorn millet and wheat in the central Eurasian steppe region. Antiquity 84(326):993–1010. Outram AK, Kasparov A, Stear NA, Varfolomeev V, Usmanova E, and Evershed RP. 2012. Patterns of pastoralism in later Bronze Age Kazakhstan: new evidence from faunal and lipid residue analyses. Journal of Archaeological Science 39(7):2424-2435. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2012.02.009 Spengler III RN. 2013. Botanical Resource Use in the Bronze and Iron Age of the Central Eurasian Mountain/Steppe Interface: Decision Making in Multiresource Pastoral Economies. St. Louis, Missouri: Washington University in St. Louis. Spengler III RN, Cerasetti B, Tengberg M, Cattani M, and Rouse L. 2014. Agriculturalists and pastoralists: Bronze Age economy of the Murghab alluvial fan, southern Central Asia. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany in press. doi: 10.1007/s00334-014-0448-0 Spengler III RN, Frachetti M, Doumani P, Rouse L, Cerasetti B, Bullion E, and Maryashev A. 2014. Early agriculture and crop transmission among Bronze Age mobile pastoralists of Central Eurasia. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281(1783). doi: 10.1098/rspb.2013.3382

Should English Be Our Official Language Research Paper

Should English Be Our Official Language - Research Paper Example However, such attempts, especially in the congress, have proved futile despite the fact that most of the Americans, i.e. more than 90%, use English as their main language of communication (Lehrer Productions, 2005). This paper is a critical evaluation of whether the US should adopt English as the official language of communication. Despite the fact that English is the most widely used language in the US, the constitution does not mention it or any other language for that matter as the official language of communication. However, there have been attempts from different quarters such as the Congress to enact legislation for that purpose but this has not been achieved. The US is a country, which is full of cultural diversity as its population is a mixture of different races, with some of them having their own unique languages of communication. Some of these languages include and not limited to Spanish, German, Italian, Korean, Greek, and Chinese among others. This has been attributed to the ever increasing number of immigrants entering the country either to do business or to settle and also due to the presence of the descendants of immigrants, who entered the country either as slaves or as settlers during the colonial times. It may be important to note that even the English which is spoken contains different diale cts depending on the speakers, for example with those of African decency, Latinos among others (Crawford, 2000). Various reasons have been brought forward by proponents of adopting English as the country’s official language. This is for example the need to improve national unity. Linguistic diversity around the world has been noted as one of the major contributing factors to bad blood between citizens of a country, and which has the capacity to encourage tribal animosity and violence (US English Inc, 2006).  

Forcasting Stratigy for Power Tool Industry Essay

Forcasting Stratigy for Power Tool Industry - Essay Example The strategies of the company to drive themselves in to future success are; Innovation, Structural Cost Improvements, Cash Generation and Stewardship of Capital. The 'Innovation to end-users' was the critical strategy for this company. The company's 'new-product machine' was the innovative solution of the company which enabled them to achieve extremely loyal end-users as well as benefited their distribution partners to serve a broad range of channels. The company's product vitality index remains above 35 percent. While reducing costs of manufacturing and selling and general administration costs filled the cost improvement and cash generation strategies, the acquiring of Vector products Inc manufacturing consumer power portable products and the buyback of the shares represented their strategy of stewardship of capital. (Black & Decker 2006 Annual Report) This company places its strength on the industry leadership in battery and charger technology with its LXT Lithium-Ion battery and charger system. The first cordless drill was introduced by the company nearly 30 years ago. Manufacturing innovative cordless tools with designs to allow the users all the convenience cordless offers without sacrificing the power or efficiency of a corded tool is the key strategy for this company. The advancement achieved in motor technology is also another key strength. (Makita web site) 2.3 Bosch: With over 1000 different products this company offers a broad product range catering to the building trade, industry and do-it-yourselfers. Wide product range is the key strength of this company. The company has also made its presence felt in the cordless power tools with its products like cordless screw drivers, piercing saws and hammer drills. The long-term strategy of Bosch is to generate approximately half of their sales in the Americas and Asia and the other half in the European market. Diversification is the central theme of the strategic objective of Bosch to make the company less vulnerable to fluctuations in individual industries. (Bosch Home Page) 2.4 Porter Cable The key strength of Porter cable is their range of products which meets different range of customers. They manufacture tools for every customer; new home construction to building maintenance and from farms to major wood-working. Similarly they supply to all classes of customers from professionals to casual weekenders. Power, agility, responsiveness and perfect performance is at the root of the porter cable's product strength. With a view to take the strategic advantage of marketing, Pentair Inc the owner of Porter Cable tools had agreed to sell all its tools brands to Black & Decker. (Porter Cable Home page) 3.0 Developing a Strategic Forecasting for Able Corporation: There can be no strategic planning without forecasting. The ultimate objective of strategic planning is to determine what the company should be in the future; what markets to compete in, with what products, to be successful and grow. To answer these

Health Issues in Urban Areas

Health Issues in Urban Areas HEALTHY SETTING INTRODUCTION Currently, more than half of the world’s population lives in an urban area. It is estimated that by 2050, more than two-third of the world’s population will be living in towns and cities (WHO 2015). Rapid urbanization leads to significant changes in our standards of living, lifestyles, social behaviour and health. Living in urban area offer many opportunities, including potential access to better health care. However, today’s urban environments can concentrate health risks and introduce new hazards. Health problems in cities include issues of water, environment, violence and injury, non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes and chronic respiratory diseases, unhealthy diets and physical inactivity, harmful use of alcohol. (Eckert Kohler 2014; WHO 2015). The prevalence of non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and respiratory diseases are worsened by pollution. Urban air pollution kills around 1.2 million people each year around the world (WHO 2015). A major proportion of urban air pollution is caused by motor vehicles, although industrial pollution, electricity generation and in least developed countries household fuel combustion are also major contributors. Mass marketing in urban areas, availability of unhealthy food choices and accessibility to automation and transport all have an effect on lifestyle that directly affect health (WHO 2015). These environments tend to discourage physical activity and promote unhealthy food c onsumption. Community participation in physical activity is poor due to by a variety of factors including overcrowding, high-volume traffic, and heavy use of motorized transportation, poor air quality and lack of safe public spaces and recreation or sports facilities (WHO 2015). Apart from that, urbanization affects the spread of diseases including tuberculosis, malaria and HIV/AIDS. Incidence of tuberculosis in New York City is four times the national average. While in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 83% of people with tuberculosis live in cities. Setting like recreational park in urban area is supposed to be a place for healthy activities such as jogging, exercise and some sports. However, for some people they use this park for negative behaviour such as sexual misconduct including indecent exposure, offensive touching, sexual acts, or prostitution. This behaviour may lead to unintended pregnancy and subsequently some of them will desperately dump the baby especially among teenagers. THE CONCEPT STRATEGY OF HEALTHY SETTING Healthy Settings as one of health promotion approaches, involve a holistic and multi-disciplinary method which integrates action across risk factors. The goal is to maximize disease prevention via a whole system approach. This approach begins in the WHO â€Å"Health for All† strategy and, more specifically, the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. Key principles of Healthy Settings include community participation, partnership, empowerment and equity. The best-known example of a successful Healthy Settings programme is Healthy Cities. This programme initiated by WHO in 1986 and have spread rapidly across Europe and other parts of the world. Building on this experience, a number of parallel initiatives based on similar principles were established during the late 1980s and early 1990s within a number of smaller settings such as villages, schools, or hospitals. The Healthy Settings movement came out of the WHO strategy of â€Å"Health for All† in 1980. The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (1986) clearly explained this approach. These documents were important steps towards establishing the holistic and multifaceted approach embodied by Healthy Settings programmes, as well as towards the integration of health promotion and sustainable development. Then, in 1992, the Sundsvall Statement called for the creation of supportive environments with a focus on settings for health. The Jakarta Declaration in 1997 subsequently emphasized the value of settings for implementing comprehensive strategies and providing an infrastructure for health promotion. Nowadays, various settings are used to facilitate the improvement of public health throughout the world. Figure 1: Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (WHO 1986) WHO defined setting for health as the place or social context in which people engage in daily activities in which environmental, organizational, and personal factors interact to affect health and wellbeing (Health Promotion Glossary 1998). A setting is where people actively use and shape the environment and it is also where people create or solve problems relating to health. Settings can normally be identified as having physical boundaries, a range of people with defined roles, and an organizational structure. Examples of settings include schools, work sites, hospitals, villages and cities. Health promotion through different settings can take many forms and these often involve some changes to the physical environment or to the organizational structure, administration and management. Settings can also be used to promote health as they are vehicles to reach individuals, to gain access to services, and to synergistically bring together the interactions throughout the wider community. Healthy setting programmes took off predominantly in Europe and the Americas following the Ottawa Charter and Jakarta Declaration. The primary form of implementation has been the Healthy Cities programmes. Through pilot projects and expansion efforts, many other Healthy Settings have been established throughout the two regions. Today, efforts have been made in all WHO regions to expand the movement. Other settings include villages, municipalities and communities, schools, workplaces, markets, homes, islands, hospitals, prisons, universities and healthy ageing (Figure 1). Approach in healthy settings involves a focus on both structure or place and agency or people. It should be understood that a setting not only as a medium for reaching ‘captive audiences’ but also as a supportive context and environment which directly and indirectly impacts wellbeing. Apart from that, it is a commitment to integrating health and wellbeing within the culture, structures and routine life of settings. Healthy City is defined as a one that is continually creating and improving those physical and social environments and expanding those community resources which enable people to mutually support each other in performing all the functions of life and in developing to their maximum potential (Hancock and Duhl 1988). Healthy Cities Initiative features political commitment in multi-sector to health and well-being in the most ecological sense; commitment to innovation; community participation; and the resultant healthy public policy. Health and well-being must be planned and built ‘into’ cities and presented as everyone’s business. Political endorsement is important in ensuring inter-sectorial collaboration. Systems for participatory decision-making must be developed to ensure that all voices are heard, especially those of marginalised people (Baum 1993). Healthy Cities is essentially an empowerment process that embeds the Ottawa Charter’s core definition of hea lth- â€Å"The process of enabling people in a community or city to increase control over and improve all the many different factors that affect their health† (WHO 1986). Healthy Cities is based on the recognition that city and urban environments affect citizens’ health, and that healthy municipal public policy is needed to effect change (Ashton 1992). In the early stages of the Healthy Cities approach, 11 key parameters were identified for healthy cities, communities, and towns (Hancock and Duhl 1988): A clean, safe, high-quality environment (including housing). An ecosystem that is stable now and sustainable in the long term. A strong, mutually supportive and non-exploitative community. A high degree of public participation in and control over the decisions affecting life, health, and well-being. The meeting of basic needs (food, water, shelter, income, safety, work) for all people. Access to a wide variety of experiences and resources, with the possibility on multiple contacts, interaction, and communication. A diverse, vital, and innovative economy. Encouragement of connections with the past, with the varied cultural and biological heritage, and with other groups and individuals. A city form (design) that is compatible with and enhances the preceding parameters and forms of behaviour. An optimum level of appropriate public health and sick care service accessible to all. High health status (both high positive health status and low disease status). Hancock (1993) conceived of a Healthy Cities and Communities model in which human health and wellbeing – or human capital – is the ultimate outcome of a sustained, integrated effort to build community (social) capital, environmental capital and economic capital (See Figure 2). Figure 2: Healthy Cities Model Healthy Cities approach built on community involvement; political commitment, in which the local government is a major player; partnerships between sectors; and enabling, healthy public policy to create conditions for health. These approaches build on local capacity, by building on assets, strengths and resources. The application of the concepts, principles and practice of health promotion at the local level is important. Central to local health promotion is the key role played by local government. Many of the major determinants of health are within the scope of local government. WHO (1997) offers a systematic strategy for progressing through three phases of development of a Healthy Cities initiative in their document, Twenty Steps for Developing a Healthy Cities Project. Three main phases are start-up, initiative organisation and areas for action and strategic work. Twenty Steps makes it clear that the role of a Healthy Cities initiative is to offer effective advocacy to promote healthy public policy. Figure 3: Twenty Steps for Developing a Healthy Cities Project LESSONS LEARNED Healthy Cities Europe As the site of the first pilot Healthy Cities initiatives by WHO in the mid-1980s, Europe has in many ways served as the engine house of Healthy Cities concepts and approaches. WHO Europe has developed a legacy of theory and practice; strategy and methodology, buttressed by a huge bureaucratic initiative. Typically, the European approach has featured large cities, in which local governments play a key role as both planner and health provider. Many HC initiatives are administered at the senior corporate level of a city (such as Copenhagen or Dublin). The European Healthy Cities approach has typically involved the establishment of a peak intersectoral working group, supported by a project team. The European Healthy Cities approach has progressed through several phases: First phase 1986-1992; Second phase 1993-1998; Third phase 1998-2002; Fourth phase (2002 onwards). Only the European region of WHO has had rigorous entry requirements to the Healthy Cities initiative. For all phases of HC initiative, member cities have had to demonstrate: (i) a political commitment to Health for All and the Healthy Cities vision; (ii) that they have adequate resources to employ a full-time initiative coordinator and support staff in a HC office; and (iii) commitment to specific objectives leading to development of local health policies (De Leeuw, 2001). During the first phase of the Healthy Cities initiative, a primary objective for all cities was to establish an Urban Health Profile through completion of a Healthy Cities Questionnaire. This phase produced the well-regarded document, Twenty Steps for setting up Healthy Cities Initiative which is described in detail below. The second phase objective for cities was to create a City Health Plan. ‘A City Health Plan is a policy document including the Health Profile identifying health challenges, their determinants, and roles various actors should play in targeting those challenges’ (de Leeuw, 2001, pp. 37-38). This phase produced a plethora of case studies and models of good practice. The third phase objectives were to produce a City Health Development Plan, and engage in rigorous internal and external monitoring and evaluation. A City Health Development Plan builds on Phases I and II in that it ‘identifies strategic development issues, incorporating also urban planni ng, sustainable development and equity concerns on a longterm basis’ (de Leeuw, 2001, p. 38). In Phase III of European HC initiatives, City Health Development Plans were required to embody a more rigorous internal and external monitoring and evaluation process to identify the impact of actions identified in Health profiles and City Health Plans. WHO established an extremely comprehensive (some would argue over-bureaucratic and unwieldy) requirement that HC initiatives would assess their performance against ‘health determinants analyses, and sound and responsible approaches towards influencing determinants of health’ (De Leeuw, 2001, p. 41). Initial annual reports were eventually received from 25 out of 40 cities: many struggled with the human resources needed to complete the reports. Over 1000 HC-related activities were reported. However, ‘very few of those activities showed a strategic perspective, thus underscoring [a] degree of ‘projectism’ in cities†¦ that would hinder the development of healthy urban policies’ (De Leeuw, 2001, p. 42) and thus City Health Development Plans in Phase III. It was anticipated that the requirement to produce these Annual Reports might help create a cultural shift away from ‘projectism’ towards a more strategic planning approach. Phase IV of Healthy Cities (2003 – 2007) has attempted to address health development comprehensively, with an emphasis on partnerships, determinants and governance. This phase has also focused on developing knowledge, tools and expertise on core developmental themes of healthy urban planning, health impact assessment and healthy ageing: Healthy urban planning. Urban planners should be encouraged to integrate and supported in integrating health considerations in their planning strategies and initiatives with emphasis on equity, well-being, sustainable development and community safety. Health impact assessment. Health impact assessment processes should be applied within cities to support intersectoral action for promoting health and reducing inequality. By combining procedures, methods and tools, health impact assessment provides a structured framework for mapping how a policy, initiative or initiative affects health. Healthy ageing. Healthy ageing works to address the needs of older people related to health, care and the quality of life with special emphasis on active and independent living, creating supportive environments and ensuring access to sensitive and appropriate services. (WHO 2003) Healthy Cities and Communities USA The Healthy Cities scene in Europe compares interestingly with that in the United States. Leonard Duhl noted that whilst the Europeans made Healthy Cities a bureaucratic initiative, the Americans have seen it as a pseudo-anarchic process (personal correspondence, 10 September 2004). The approach adopted in the United States, for instance, has been driven more at a grassroots level, reflecting the realities of an individualistic cultural tradition of ‘life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness’ and small government (National Civic League, 1998: 287), from which the collective notions of the Ottawa Charter may be viewed by some with suspicion (Baum, 1993). Furthermore, with a somewhat chaotic private health care system, much government attention in the US is focused on ensuring access to basic health care, rather than addressing, at the intersectoral community level, the social determinants of health advocated in Healthy Cities (Wolff, 2003). The long and ‘embeddedâ €™ history of the involvement of health care industry in US health policy also needs to be considered. Wolff argued that the term ‘healthy communities’ is a problem in a country like the US, in which ‘health’ is dominated by privatized health care industry. Although many community organizations may be working along the lines of the Ottawa Charter to enhance population health through civic engagement and community building, they may not in fact identify ‘health’ as a primary goal of their efforts. Intersectoral collaboration has frequently been harder to achieve in the US than in countries such as Australia or Canada, in which government is expected to provide some sort of leadership (Twiss and Duma 2003, Wolff 2003). Taiwanese and Chinese examples In contrast to European, American and Australian experiences, the Taiwanese expression of Healthy Cities reflects a strong Confucian tradition of the integration of politics and academe. Many senior government personnel met during Dr Iain Butterworth’s visits to Taiwan in 2004 and 2005 – including the Ministers for Health and Culture had held academic positions. As a result, strong national government support existed for forging collaboration across sectors. As a relatively new democracy with a culture evolving as a reaction to mainland China, there also exists a strong commitment to grass-roots civic engagement and participation. In comparison, Chinese Healthy Cities-style initiatives might be characterised by central government-mandated edicts to establish initiatives and for various sectors to participate. Western notions of democratic participation led by grass-roots activists with the potential to advocate and dissent do not translate readily or easily into a desc ription of a Healthy Cities initiative led and driven by a more centralised, interventionist state. In Shanghai, one of the approaches for healthy setting includes availability of Healthy Path Building and people were encouraged to do ‘Walking 10,000 Steps Everyday’. Apart from that, there were constructions of exercise sites in communities and training personnel for sports instruction. Other activities include ‘Healthy Rhythm’, ‘Stair Climbing’, ‘Three calisthenics’ and ‘Three Balls’ Activities During the 3rd round of Shanghai Healthy City Initiative evaluation conducted in 2011, the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was administered among 3,999 Shanghai residents. The result showed that 81.2% of the respondents were physically active (37.0% were highly active), and 73.6% of the residents investigated were active in walking (13.4% were highly active). REFERENCES Eckert, S. S. Kohler 2014. Urbanization and health in developing countries: a systematic review. World Health Population 15(1): 7-20. WHO. 2015. Urbanization and health. World Health Organization, Bulletin of the World Health Organization (BLT). http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/88/4/10-010410/en/ (Accessed 1/3/2015). WHO (1986). Ottawa charter for health promotion. Available: http://www.euro.who.int/AboutWHO/Policy/20010827_2. Accessed 3 March 2015.

Michael Manley

Michael Norman Manley (December 10, 1924 – March 6, 1997) was the fifth Prime Minister of Jamaica (1972 – 1980, 1989 – 1992). The second son of Jamaica's Premier Norman Manley and Jamaican artist Edna Manley, Michael Manley was a charismatic figure who became the leader of the Jamaican People's National Party a few months before his father's death in 1969. Contents [hide] 1 Reforms 2 Diplomacy 3 Violence 4 Opposition 5 Re-election 6 Family 7 Retirement and death 8 Sources 9 Notes Reforms Manley soundly beat the unpopular incumbent Prime Minister Hugh Shearer (his cousin) in the election of 1972 after running on a platform of â€Å"better must come,† giving â€Å"power to the people† and leading â€Å"a government of truth. † Manley instituted a series of socio-economic reforms that yielded mixed success. Though he was a biracial Jamaican from an elite family, Manley's successful trade union background helped him to maintain a close relationship with the country's poor, black majority, and he was a dynamic, popular leader. Unlike his father, who had a reputation for being formal and businesslike, the younger Manley moved easily among people of all strata and made Parliament accessible to the people by abolishing the requirement for men to wear jackets and ties to its sittings. In this regard he started a fashion revolution, often preferring the kariba shirt or bush jacket over a formal suit. Diplomacy Manley developed close friendships with several foreign leaders, foremost of whom were Julius Nyerere of Tanzania, Olof Palme of Sweden, Pierre Trudeau of Canada and Fidel Castro of Cuba. With Cuba just 145 km (90 miles) north of Jamaica, he strengthened diplomatic relations between the two island nations, much to the dismay of United States policymakers. At the 1979 meeting of the non-aligned movement, Manley strongly pressed for the development of what was called a natural alliance between the Non-aligned movement and the Soviet Union to battle imperialism. In his speech he said, â€Å"All anti-imperialists know that the balance of forces in the world shifted irrevocably in 1917 when there was a movement and a man in the October Revolution, and Lenin was the man. Manley saw Cuba and the Cuban model as having much to offer both Jamaica and the world. In diplomatic affairs, Manley believed in respecting the different systems of government of other countries and not interfering in their internal affairs. Violence Manley was the Prime Minister when Jamaica experienced a significant escalation of its political culture of violence. Supporters of his opponent Edward Seaga and the Jamaica Labour Party (JLP) and Manley's People's National Party (PNP) engaged in a bloody struggle which began before the 1976 election and ended when Seaga was installed as Prime Minister in 1980. While the violent political culture was not invented by Seaga or Manley, and had its roots in conflicts between the parties from as early as the beginning of the two-party system in the 1940s, political violence reached unprecedented levels in the 1970s. Indeed, the two elections accompanied by the greatest violence were those (1976 and 1980) in which Seaga was trying to unseat Manley. Violence flared in January 1976 in anticipation of elections. A State of Emergency was declared by Manley's party the PNP in June and 500 people, including some prominent members of the JLP, were accused of trying to overthrow the government and were detained, without charges, in a specially created prison at the Up-Park Camp military headquarters [1]. Elections were held on 15 December that year, while the state of emergency was still in effect. The PNP was returned to office. The State of Emergency continued into the next year. Extraordinary powers granted the police by the Suppression of Crime Act of 1974 continued to the end of the 1980s. Violence continued to blight political life in the 1970s. Gangs armed by both parties fought for control of urban constituencies. In the election year of 1980 around 800 Jamaicans were killed. While the murder rate in Jamaica has long been high, Jamaicans were particularly shocked by the violence at that time. In the 1980 elections, Seaga's JLP won and he became Prime Minister. Opposition As Leader of the Opposition Manley became an outspoken critic of the new conservative administration. He strongly opposed intervention in Grenada after Prime Minister Maurice Bishop was overthrown and executed. Immediately after committing Jamaican troops to Ronald Reagan's invasion of Grenada in 1983, Seaga called a snap election – two years early – on the pretext that Dr Paul Robertson, General Secretary of the PNP, had called for his resignation. Manley, who may have been taken by surprise by the maneuver, led his party in a boycott of the elections, and so the Jamaica Labour Party won all seats in parliament against only marginal opposition in six of the sixty electoral constituencies. During his period of opposition in the 1980s, Manley, a compelling speaker, travelled extensively, speaking to audiences around the world. He taught a graduate seminar and gave a series of public lectures at Columbia University in New York. In the 1980s a Judicial Enquiry, the Smith Commission, was held on the 1976 State of Emergency. Manley admitted that he declared it on evidence that was manufactured to help him win the forthcoming election. In 1986 Manley travelled to Britain and visited Birmingham. He attended a number of venues including the Afro Caribbean Resource Centre in Winson Green and Digbeth Civic Hall. The mainly black audiences turned out en masse to hear Manley speak. Re-election By 1989 Manley had softened his socialist rhetoric, explicitly advocating a role for private enterprise. With the fall of the Soviet Union, he also ceased his support for a variety of international causes. In the election of that year he campaigned on a very moderate platform. Seaga's administration had fallen out of favor – both with the electorate and the US – and the PNP was re-elected handily. Manley's second term was short and largely uneventful. In 1992, citing health reasons he stepped down as Prime Minister and PNP leader. His former Deputy Prime Minister, Percival Patterson, assumed both offices. Family Michael Manley had 5 children: Rachel Manley, Joseph Manley, Sarah Manley, Natasha Manley and David Manley. Retirement and death Manley wrote seven books, including the award-winning A History of West Indies Cricket, in which he discussed the links between cricket and West Indian nationalism. Michael Manley died of prostate cancer on 6 March, 1997, the same day as another Caribbean politician, Cheddi Jagan of Guyana

Religion and the Meaning of Life Essay

According to Frederich Nietzche, â€Å"A man who has a why to live can bear any how†. To me this statement provides massive insight into the human experience: all people need a purpose in life. As humans we need a constructive outlet through which we can invest our thoughts, emotions, efforts and energies. We need something to thrive for and strive toward. Religion, for many people provides this outlet in life in a most positive manner. It allows people to find themselves by losing themselves foremost. Religion encourages service to others, selflessness, forgiveness and ascetic values that allow people to displace personal prejudices and mental barriers that are roadblocks on the path toward self awareness and understanding. Religion teaches that human beings are direct creations of God. Due to this, the religious person places immense gravity into the definition of what it means to be human. To the religious person human life is sacred therefore all human beings are treated as if they are sacred entities. Dignity is vital to this experience and the religious person lives a decent life based largely on the fact that they find it a grave injustice to engage in dehumanizing acts. A dehumanizing act is any action that undermines the value of what it means to be human, and because human life to the religious person is sacred; treating other people and oneself with respect is part of the job description. Religious people also are heavily focused on remaining loyal to traditions and place heavy emphasis on the concept of togetherness through ceremonies, rituals and even celebrations. Religious people congregate and come together in a forum of mutual understanding of one another’s beliefs and values, and respect for the characteristics that make individuals unique. This is how religious institutions have survived throughout the ages. People of all sorts come together based on a mutual understanding of the same truths. The idea of coming together forms a family-like atmosphere that strengthens dynamics within individual households and strengthens interpersonal bonds among all people whom the religious person encounters. The religious person lives a life of kindness, simplicity and dignity highlighted by unity, loyalty and fairness. These concepts are vital to becoming a well integrated person which is the key component to finding one’s purpose and meaning in life. Once a person gains a sense of purpose, the other aspects of their lives fall into place based around what that person chooses to life for. When a person lives for their faith, their lives are based around morals that encourage reverence for all human beings and a genuine perceptive of righteousness. This is why religious people not only have a strong sense of self, but also have unshakable character based in a solid affection for mankind.

The Geography of Panama and the Panama Canal Essay

The Geography of Panama and the Panama Canal The Panama Canal is one of the greatest works of engineering and modern achievements of mankind. An all-water passage through the continental divide of the Panama region had been suggested since early Spanish colonial times of the 16th century. Today a canal that was cut through the Isthmus of Panama is a reality. Its presence has greatly affected Panama in many ways, politically, economically, and socially. The Panama Canal is possibly one of the most well known man made geographic features ever. Only five days after the U.S. secured Panamas independence from Columbia, the first canal treaty was signed with the United States. Signing the treaty†¦show more content†¦The canal is bordered on both sides by the Panama Canal Zone, a strip of land given to the United States in 1903 but returned to Panama in 1979. The United States turned over the control of the canal to Panama in 1999. While the Panama Canal is a bridge of water connecting two oceans, building it ripped Panama apart. For Panama the opening of the canal meant a great boom in its economy. Panama has probably earned about $200 million form the canal every year. In war or peace, more than 12,000 ships from around the world sail through the fifty-one-mile long Panama Canal every year, carrying 160 million tons of cargo, representing about 5% of the worlds total sea borne trade. The canal is particularly vital to the economies of South America, connecting the Atlantic coast with the Orient, and the Pacific coast with Europe. Fifteen percent of all U.S. trade goes through the canal, and the oil pipeline beside it caries 600,000 barrels of Alaska crude oil to the U.S. eastern seaboard and beyond. Panamas special geography and history make its people the most cosmopolitan in the region. 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